Cognition in soccer and futsal: evidence of validity of a 4-instrument protocol to assess executive functioning among women athletes.

Evidence suggests that success in sports, especially soccer and futsal are linked to higher levels of executive functioning. Still, the literature does not present a homogeneous set of instruments to measure executive functions, which leads to large variability in results. In this paper, we assembled four already recognised measures to propose a valid 4-instrument protocol to assess executive functions among soccer and futsal athletes. We conducted two studies to validate the proposed protocol. We addressed known-groups validity and latent structure in Study 1 for data collected on 105 female soccer and futsal athletes from elite and lower-division clubs. Findings pointed to partial validity of the protocol - with working memory and inhibition showing the best results. For Study 2, we used performance data from 51 elite female soccer players collected throughout a season of the first division league to assess predictive validity. Our protocol was able to partially replicate previous findings and added new insights on how working memory, processing speed and higher-level executive functions might play different roles for goalscoring and assist-making skills. Specifically, study 1 did not find a significant difference between elite and lower-division athletes in higher-order executive functions as in previous studies, but it did find on visual working memory and inhibitory control which weights towards higher demands of core executive functions. On the other hand, study 2 yielded significant results for processing speed and visual working memory to predict assists among elite soccer players, but not inhibitory control as previous findings suggested. Regardless, the proposed 4-instrument protocol showed adequate criterion and structural validity in both studies.

The CRAVE and ARGE scales for motivation states for physical activity and sedentarism: Brazilian Portuguese translation and single-item versions.

Motivation states for physical activity and sedentarism potentially vary from moment to moment. The CRAVE scale (Cravings for Rest and Volitional Energy Expenditure) was developed to assess transient wants and desires to move. Three studies were conducted with the aims of: (1) translating and validating the scale in Brazilian Portuguese, (2) examining changes with exercise, and (3) determining the best single-item for Move and Rest subscales for English and Portuguese. In Study 1, six bilingual speakers translated the scale into Brazilian Portuguese [named Anseios por Repouso e Gastos com Energia (ARGE)]. The ARGE had good content validity coefficients across three dimensions (0.89-0.91), as determined by three independent, bilingual referees. 1,168 participants (mean age = 30.6, SD = 12.2) from across Brazil completed an online version of the ARGE. An Exploratory Factor Analysis found two clear, oblique, and inversely related factors (Move and Rest; GFI = 1.00, RMSR = 0.03). Reliability was good (Cronbach α's: 0.93 and 0.92). Two models of the scale (10 vs. 13 items) were compared with Confirmatory Factor Analysis. The previously validated version using 10 scored items (GFI = 1.00, RMSEA = 0.07, RMSR = 0.02) outperformed the version scored with 13 items. State anxiety and exercise behavior had small associations with Move and Rest (-0.20 to 0.26). In Study 2, ARGE Move scores had high correspondence post-session (ICC = 0.83) for 9 women performing short Sprint Interval Training (sSIT; 6 sessions). Large, but non-significant, effects were detected for changes in motivation states with sSIT. In Study 3, IRT analyses found that for the United States sample, "be physically active" and "be still" were the most representative items for Move and Rest, respectively, while for the Brazil sample they were "exert my muscles" and "be a couch potato." Overall, it was found that: (A) the ARGE scale demonstrated good psychometric properties, (B) the original scoring (with 10 items) resulted in the best model, (C) it had small associations with exercise behavior, and (D) the subscales were reduced to single items that varied by country, indicating potential cultural differences in the concept of motivation states for physical activity.

Changes in Stress, Depression, and Anxiety Symptoms in a Brazilian Sample During Quarantine Across the Early Phases of the COVID-19 Crisis.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to estimate prevalence and incidence of stress, depression, and anxiety symptoms in Brazilians during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHOD: We assessed 103 (54 women, 49 men) participants online in three periods of the pandemic: March 2020 (T1), April 2020 (T2), and June 2020 (T3). Estimates of prevalence and incidence were identified when mental health scores were two standard deviations above the mean compared to normative data. Mental health indicators were measured using the Perceived Stress Scale, the Filgueiras Depression Index, and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory - State Subscale. RESULTS: At T1, 89% of individuals were below cut-off scores for stress, anxiety, and depression, which dropped to 35% by T3. Estimated stress prevalence was 1.9% at T1, 7.8% at T2, and 28.2% at T3. Estimated depression prevalence was 0% at T1, 23.3% at T2, and 25.2% at T3. Estimated state anxiety prevalence was 10.7% at T1, 11.7% at T2, and 45.6% at T3. Stress incidence increased by 7.8% from T1 to T2, and 23.3% from T2 to T3. Depression incidence increased by 23.3% from T1 to T2, and 15.5% from T2 to T3. Anxiety incidence increased by 9.7% from T1 to T2, and 39.8% from T2 to T3. Stress severity scores significantly increased from 16.1 ± 8.7 at T1 to 23.5 ± 8.4 at T2, and 30.3 ± 6.0 at T3. Depression severity scores significantly increased from 48.5 ± 20.5 at T1 to 64.7 ± 30.2 at T2, and 75.9 ± 26.1 at T3. Anxiety increased from 49.0 ± 13.4 at T1 to 53.5 ± 12.5 at T2 and 62.3 ± 13.4 at T3. Females had significantly higher anxiety scores than males by T3 (66.7 ± 11.8 vs. 57.4 ± 13.5). CONCLUSION: Prevalence and incidence of stress, depression, and anxiety significantly increased throughout the pandemic. The largest increase in stress and anxiety occurred between T2 and T3, and between T1 and T2 for depression. Severity of stress, depression, and anxiety increased throughout the study.

Effects of an Online Play-Based Parenting Program on Child Development and the Quality of Caregiver-Child Interaction: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background: Studies assessing the effects of parenting programs have focused on interventions delivered through face-to-face modalities. There is a need for research to evaluate the effects of online parenting programs on child development, such as the BEM Program ('Play Teaches Change' in English), an online play-based parenting program that teaches caregivers on how to introduce playful interactions into their daily household chores. Objective: To assess the effects of the BEM Program on child development and the quality of caregiver-child interaction. Method: A two-arm randomized controlled trial was conducted in a socioeconomically disadvantaged district of São Paulo city in Brazil. 129 children aged 12-23 months and their caregiver were randomly assigned to receive either the BEM Program for 8 weeks (intervention, n = 66) or standard child care (control, n = 63). Data were collected at baseline and endline of the intervention through home visits and online interviews. An intention-to-treat analysis was conducted. Results: The intervention showed positive effects on child development, by improving language development (Cohen's d = 0.20, 95%CI 0.08-0.47) and reduced intrusiveness (Cohen's d = 0.35, 95%CI 0.06-0.65) of caregiver-child interaction. No significant differences were observed in caregiver's repertoire and engagement in age-appropriate play activities with the child while doing the household chores, parenting sense of competence and perceived stress. Conclusions: Despite the small size and low adherence to the program, such promising results advance evidences for fully remote parenting programs and their effects on child development.

Propriedades psicométricas do Child Sports Cohesion Questionnaire para o português brasileiro / Psychometric properties of the Child Sports Cohesion Questionnaire to Brazilian Portuguese

Coesão no esporte é um processo dinâmico que influencia a tendência de membros de um mesmo time em permanecerem unidos até atingirem o seu objetivo. Para mensurar coesão social e de tarefa entre crianças, o Questionário de Coesão Infantil no Esporte foi desenvolvido por Martin et al. em 2012. O presente estudo visou avaliar as propriedades psicométricas da versão adaptada para o Brasil deste instrumento. Fidedignidade, validade e fatorabilidade foram testadas em uma amostra de 280 crianças. A fidedignidade foi medida pelo alfa de Cronbach e variou entre 0,80 e 0,87. A validade convergente mostrou uma alta correlação entre o instrumento e uma escala visual analógica desenvolvida para medir coesão no esporte. A análise de estrutura latente revelou que a estrutura bifatorial com um fator geral e dois fatores independentes teve melhor ajuste aos dados empíricos. Os resultados apoiam a ideia de que o Questionário de Coesão Infantil no Esporte é um bom instrumento para testar coesão esportiva em crianças brasileiras.

Executive Functions, Physical Abilities, and Their Relationship with Tactical Performance in Young Soccer Players.

While tactical performance in soccer is associated with the players' and teams' collective actions in the context of game stimuli, how tactical performance relates to players' executive functions (EFs) and physical abilities should be examined. In this study, we examined these relationships among 81 Under-15 male soccer players who underwent tactical evaluation (FUT-SAT), EF tests (i.e.,(Stop-Signal Test and Design Fluency Test)), and physical tests (i.e.,(Maturity Offset, Yoyo Endurance Test II, Sargent Jump Test, and Sprint Test)). Multiple linear regression modeling with the stepwise method showed that approximately 48% of overall game tactical performance variance was explained by inhibitory control, biological maturation, and sprint capacity (p = .004; d = .54; r2 = .479), whereas 35% of offensive tactical performance variance was explained by the same dimensions (p = .001; d = .91; r2 = .353). In addition, approximately 28% of defensive tactical performance variance was explained by cognitive flexibility and aerobic resistance (p = .007; d = .39; r2 = .280). These results reflect the combined importance of EFs and physical abilities for tactical performance in young soccer players, suggesting that these abilities may be targets for training when trying to improve young players' performance.

Urges to Move and Other Motivation States for Physical Activity in Clinical and Healthy Populations: A Scoping Review Protocol.

Motivation for bodily movement, physical activity and exercise varies from moment to moment. These motivation states may be "affectively-charged," ranging from instances of lower tension (e.g., desires, wants) to higher tension (e.g., cravings and urges). Currently, it is not known how often these states have been investigated in clinical populations (e.g., eating disorders, exercise dependence/addiction, Restless Legs Syndrome, diabetes, obesity) vs. healthy populations (e.g., in studies of motor control; groove in music psychology). The objective of this scoping review protocol is to quantify the literature on motivation states, to determine what topical areas are represented in investigations of clinical and healthy populations, and to discover pertinent details, such as instrumentation, terminology, theories, and conceptual models, correlates and mechanisms of action. Iterative searches of scholarly databases will take place to determine which combination of search terms (e.g., "motivation states" and "physical activity"; "desire to be physically active," etc.) captures the greatest number of relevant results. Studies will be included if motivation states for movement (e.g., desires, urges) are specifically measured or addressed. Studies will be excluded if referring to motivation as a trait. A charting data form was developed to scan all relevant documents for later data extraction. The primary outcome is simply the extent of the literature on the topic. Results will be stratified by population/condition. This scoping review will unify a diverse literature, which may result in the creation of unique models or paradigms that can be utilized to better understand motivation for bodily movement and exercise.

Effects of physical activity and exercise on well-being in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was discovered in China and characterized by the World Health Organization as a pandemic in March 2020. Many countries worldwide implemented stringent social isolation as a strategy to contain virus transmission. However, the same physical distancing that protects against the spread of COVID-19 may negatively impact mental health and well-being of the population. The present study sought to shed light on this phenomenon by assessing the relationship between physical activity and subjective well-being (SWB) among individuals who were subjected to social isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Data were collected in Brazil between March 31 and April 2, 2020. All of the volunteers agreed to participate by digitally checking the option of agreement after reading consent terms. The inclusion criteria were participants who had been in social isolation for at least 1 week and agreed to the consent terms. Three instruments were applied. A questionnaire was constructed for this study that assessed the participants' exercise routines. The Psychosocial Aspects, Well-being, and Exercise in Confinement (PAWEC) scale was created by researchers of this study that assessed the relationship between well-being and physical activity during social isolation. The Brazilian Portuguese-adapted version of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) was also used. A total of 592 participants (371 female, 220 male, 1 transgender), 14-74 years old (M = 32.39 years, SD = 10.5 years), reported being in social isolation for an average of 14.4 days (SD = 3.3 days). Well-being that was related to the practice of physical activity during quarantine was linked to an established routine of physical activity before the social isolation period. Participants who already practiced physical exercises previously and reported continuing the practice during the quarantine period had higher positive affect scores. Participants who engaged in physical activity without direct guidance only during the quarantine period had higher negative affect scores. Participants who already practiced physical activity felt more motivated to continue practicing physical activity during the social isolation period, resulting in positive affect, unlike participants who began exercising only during quarantine. Our results suggest that negative affect can occur among individuals who only just begin exercising during social isolation, indicating that physical activity should be habitual and not only occur during periods of social isolation. Engaging in exercise only during social isolation may contribute to an increase in malaise.

Risk Factors for Potential Mental Illness Among Brazilians in Quarantine Due To COVID-19.

BACKGROUND: During quarantine, both physical and mental health are a concern. To the same extent that physicians are a scarce resource during this crisis, psychiatrists and psychologists are also limited in number. To help practitioners and public managers decide where to invest their resources, the present research investigated the relationships of stress, depression and state anxiety levels with sociodemographic and behavioural variables. METHODS: Data were collected in Brazil between March, 18 and 22, 2020 in 1,468 volunteers during quarantine. Participants with a history of or current mental health illnesses were excluded leaving 1,460 individuals in the final sample. The online assessment included instruments for psychological stress, depression and state anxiety. A sociodemographic and behavioural questionnaire with 15 items was used to assess other factors. Multiple linear regression was performed for each psychological outcome to determine a hierarchy of significant predictors. FINDINGS: Stress, depression and state anxiety levels were all predicted by gender (women higher than men), quality of nutrition, attendance in tele-psychotherapy, exercise frequency, presence of elderly persons in quarantine with the person, obligation to work outside the home, level of education (more educated, lesser risk for mental illness) and age (younger age, greater risk). Having a perceived risk factor for COVID-19 predicted depression and state anxiety, but not stress. Finally, the presence of children in quarantine with the participant was a protective factor for depression. INTERPRETATION: Even though this research is limited by its cross-sectional design, it is possible to infer that mental health varies by demographic attributes, obligations and health behaviours. Those who report higher distress must work outside the home during quarantine, live with an elderly person and carry a risk factor for COVID-19, among other factors. Identifying those who are most vulnerable would help to prioritize those who may need the greatest psychological aid and assist public health practitioners in developing support strategies.

Measurement of Motivation States for Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior: Development and Validation of the CRAVE Scale.

Physical activity, and likely the motivation for it, varies throughout the day. The aim of this investigation was to create a short assessment (CRAVE: Cravings for Rest and Volitional Energy Expenditure) to measure motivation states (wants, desires, urges) for physical activity and sedentary behaviors. Five studies were conducted to develop and evaluate the construct validity and reliability of the scale, with 1,035 participants completing the scale a total of 1,697 times. In Study 1, 402 university students completed a questionnaire inquiring about the want or desire to perform behaviors "at the present moment (right now)." Items related to physical activity (e.g., "move my body") and sedentary behaviors (e.g., "do nothing active"). An exploratory structural equation model (ESEM) revealed that 10 items should be retained, loading onto two factors (5 each for Move and Rest). In Study 2, an independent sample (n = 444) confirmed these results and found that Move and Rest desires were associated with stage-of-change for exercise behavior. In Study 3, 127 community-residing participants completed the CRAVE at 6-month intervals over two years- two times each session. Across-session interclass correlations (ICC) for Move (ICC = 0.72-0.95) and Rest (ICC = 0.69-0.88) were higher than when they were measured across 24-months (Move: ICC = 0.53; Rest: ICC = 0.49), indicating wants/desires have state-like qualities. In Study 4, a maximal treadmill test was completed by 21 university students. The CRAVE was completed immediately pre and post. Move desires decreased 26% and Rest increased 74%. Changes in Move and Rest desires were moderately associated with changes in perceived physical fatigue and energy. In Study 5, 41 university students sat quietly during a 50-min lecture. They completed the CRAVE at 3 time points. Move increased 19.6% and Rest decreased 16.7%. Small correlations were detected between move and both perceived energy and tiredness, but not calmness or tension. In conclusion, the CRAVE scale has good psychometric properties. These data also support tenets of the WANT model of motivation states for movement and rest (Stults-Kolehmainen et al., 2020a). Future studies need to explore how desires to move/rest relate to dynamic changes in physical activity and sedentarism.

Motivational Climate Measures in Sport: A Systematic Review.

Motivational climate can be defined as the environmental status of sport that influences motivation levels. The present study aimed to systematically identify the most widely used measures examining motivational climate. The databases for searching were PsycNET, PubMed and ScienceDirect. The search returned a total of 378 studies of which 8 met the inclusion criteria for analysis. The results show that the most used instruments for evaluation of motivational climate have good psychometric characteristics of reliability, validity and factorial structure. On the other hand, there was a lack of studies that analyzed invariance of measures, which may be a critical consideration. Finally, the review points out the need for development of new theoretical perspectives, potential new instruments that extend beyond the socio-cognitive approach and instruments that allow the measurement of other environmental, personal and structural variables other than parents, coaches and athletes.

Perspectivas em psicologia do esporte e saúde mental sob a pandemia de Covid-19 / Sports psychology and mental health during the Covid-19 pandemic / Perspectivas sobre psicología del deporte y salud mental en el contexto de la pandemia de Covid-19

Resumo Este artigo objetiva compreender as relações entre saúde mental e prática esportiva, de exercício e/ou de atividade física no período afetado pela pandemia da Covid-19, especialmente no Brasil. Ancorado em duas perspectivas epistemologicamente diferentes em Psicologia, articula-se resultados oriundos de instrumentos objetivos de mensuração, bem como de experiências no registro do mundo-da-vida. Discute-se que tais práticas corporais são meios e fins da saúde, tanto pelos efeitos orgânicos benéficos previsíveis, segundo o estado da arte das ciências da atividade física, como pela expressão por excelência do engajamento no mundo com esquecimento de si. A partir do dispêndio de energia, controle da ansiedade e bem-estar delas resultantes, adotar uma regularidade de exercícios físicos no confinamento fornece ao praticante um critério ritual e metabólico auxiliar para o reestabelecimento de parâmetros de tempo e espaço em sua rotina. No entanto, tais atividades também apresentam seus riscos a depender do modo como são realizadas, o que se apresenta como desafio tanto para quem as vivencia quanto para os profissionais em Psicologia do Esporte, seja no âmbito do alto rendimento ou da prática recreativa. Entender as nuances do esporte e as particularidades desses indivíduos é fundamental para endereçar os cuidados adequados. Salienta-se que tal seara não se limita apenas às atividades marcadamente esportivas, envolvendo as mais diversas práticas corporais, culturais e de movimento.

Abstract This article analyzes the relation between mental health and sports, exercise and/or physical activity during the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly in Brazil. Based in two epistemologically different perspectives in psychology, results from objective measurement instruments are articulated with world experiences. It is argued that bodily practices are the means and the ends of health, both because of the predictable beneficial organic effects, according to the state of the art in the sciences of physical activity, and because of the possibility of engagement in the world through self-forgetfulness. Based on the resulting energy expenditure, anxiety control and well-being, adopting regular physical exercises in confinement periods provides the practitioner with a ritual and metabolic criteria to restore time and space parameters in a routine. However, such activities also present some risks depending on how they are carried out, which is a challenge both for those who experience them and for professionals in Sport Psychology, whether in the context of high performance or recreational activities. Understanding the nuances of sports practices and the particularities of these individuals is essential to address appropriate care. It should be noted that this field is not limited to notable sporting activities, but involves the most diverse body, cultural and movement practices.

Resumen Este artículo tiene como objetivo comprender la relación entre salud mental y deporte, ejercicio y/o actividad física en el período afectado por la pandemia de covid-19, especialmente en Brasil. Con base en dos perspectivas epistemológicas diferentes de la psicología, se articulan los resultados de los instrumentos de medición objetiva, así como de las experiencias en el registro del mundo de la vida. Se argumenta que las prácticas corporales son el medio y el fin de la salud, tanto por los predecibles efectos orgánicos beneficiosos, según el estado del arte de las ciencias de la actividad física, como por la expresión por excelencia del compromiso en el mundo con el olvido de sí mismo. A partir del gasto energético, el control de la ansiedad y el bienestar que produce, la práctica de ejercicios físicos regulares en el encierro proporciona al practicante un criterio ritual y también metabólico para restaurar los parámetros de tiempo y espacio en su rutina. Sin embargo, esas actividades también presentan sus riesgos en el modo de realización, lo que supone un reto tanto para quien las vive como para los profesionales de la psicología del deporte, ya sea en el contexto de la práctica lúdica o de alto rendimiento. Comprender los matices del deporte y las particularidades de estos individuos es fundamental para proporcionar un cuidado adecuado. Cabe señalar que esta área no se limita solo a actividades marcadamente deportivas, sino que involucra las más diversas prácticas corporales, culturales y de movimiento.

Translation and Content Validation of the Generative Altruism Scale - Brazilian Version / Traducción y Validación de Contenido de la Escala de Altruismo Generativo - Versión Brasileña / Tradução e Validação de Conteúdo da Escala de Altruísmo Generalizado - Versão Brasileira

Abstract: Altruism is a behavior directed towards helping another person at a certain cost to the benefactor. The present study aimed to translate and semantically adapt the Generative Altruism Scale for Brazil. This study had the help of two multidisciplinary panels: one formed by a specialist in Developmental Psychology responsible for assisting in semantic adjustments, and another composed of four specialists in Social and Positive Psychology who evaluated the items regarding the adequacy to the construct, clarity and similarity. The Content Validity Coefficient was used to evaluate the items according to the scores of these judges. All 10 final items presented satisfactory coefficients. It is believed that this mediated has been translated properly, having semantic equivalence with the original scale.

Resumen: El altruismo consiste en un comportamiento orientado a ayudar a otra persona, com un determinado costo para el benefactor. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo traducir y adaptar semánticamente la Escala Generativa de Altruismo para Brasil. Este estudio contó con la ayuda de dos paneles multidisciplinares: uno formado por una especialista de Psicología del Desarrollo responsable por las adecuaciones semánticas, y otro compuesto por cuatro especialistas en Psicología Social y Positiva que evaluaron los ítems en cuanto a la adecuación al constructo, claridad y similitud. Se utilizó el Coeficiente de Validez de Contenido para evaluar los ítems según las puntuaciones de estos jueces. Los 10 elementos finales presentaron resultados satisfactorios. Esto permite considerar que la escala fue adecuadamente traducida y presenta equivalencia semántica con la escala original.

Resumo: O altruísmo trata-se de um comportamento direcionado para ajudar outra pessoa a certo custo para o benfeitor. O presente estudo teve como objetivo traduzir e adaptar semanticamente a Escala de Altruísmo Generalizado para o Brasil. Este estudo contou com a ajuda de dois painéis multidisciplinares: um formado por uma especialista de Psicologia do Desenvolvimento responsável por auxiliar nas adequações semânticas, e outro composto por quatro especialistas em Psicologia Social e Positiva que avaliaram os itens quanto à adequação ao construto, clareza e similaridade. Utilizou-se do Coeficiente de Validade de Conteúdo para avaliar os itens segundo os escores destes juízes. Todos os 10 itens finais apresentaram coeficientes satisfatórios. Confia-se que esta medida foi traduzida adequadamente, possuindo equivalência semântica com a escala original.

Mood versus energy/activity symptoms in bipolar disorder: which cluster of Hamilton Depression Rating Scale better distinguishes between mania, depression, and euthymia? / Sintomas de humor versus sintomas de energia/atividade no transtorno bipolar: qual grupo da Escala de Depressão de Hamilton distingue melhor entre mania, depressão e eutimia?

Abstract Introduction Although bipolar disorder (BD) is traditionally included among mood disorders, some authors believe that changes in energy and motor activity, rather than mood changes, represent the true cardinal symptoms in mania and depression. The aim of the current study was to identify which cluster of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) better distinguishes between mania, depression and euthymia. Method A group of 106 patients with BD were followed for 13 years and repeatedly assessed with the HAM-D as well as with other clinical scales. To perform a comparison, HAM-D items were classified according to clinical criteria into three clusters: energy/activity symptoms, mood symptoms, and other symptoms. Item response theory (IRT) analyses were performed to provide a test information curve for those three clusters. We measured the prevalence of one cluster of symptoms over the other two throughout the latent trait. Results Considering HAM-D items individually, the IRT analysis revealed that there was a mixture of mood and energy/activity symptoms among the most discriminative items, both in depression and in euthymia. However, in mania, only energy/activity symptoms - i.e., general somatic symptoms and retardation - were among the most informative items. Considering the classification of items, both in depression as in mania, the energy/activity cluster was more informative than the mood cluster according to the IRT analysis. Conclusion Our data reinforce the view of hyperactivity and motor retardation as cardinal changes of mania and depression, respectively.

Resumo Introdução Embora o transtorno bipolar (TB) seja tradicionalmente incluído entre os transtornos do humor, alguns autores acreditam que as alterações na energia e na atividade motora, em vez das alterações no humor, representam os verdadeiros sintomas cardinais na mania e na depressão. O objetivo do presente estudo foi identificar qual grupo da Escala de Depressão de Hamilton (HAM-D) distingue melhor entre mania, depressão e eutimia. Método Um grupo de 106 pacientes com TB foram acompanhados por 13 anos e avaliados repetidamente com a HAM-D e com outras escalas clínicas. Para realizar uma comparação, os itens da HAM-D foram classificados de acordo com critérios clínicos em três grupos: sintomas de energia/atividade, sintomas de humor e outros sintomas. Foram realizadas análises da teoria da resposta ao item (TRI) para fornecer uma curva de informações de teste para esses três grupos. Medimos a prevalência de um grupo de sintomas em comparação aos outros dois através do traço latente. Resultados Considerando os itens da HAM-D individualmente, a análise da TRI revelou que havia uma mistura de sintomas de humor e de energia/atividade entre os itens mais discriminativos, tanto na depressão quanto na eutimia. No entanto, na mania, apenas os sintomas de energia/atividade - ou seja, sintomas somáticos gerais e retardo - estavam entre os itens mais informativos. Considerando a classificação dos itens, tanto na depressão quanto na mania, o grupo energia/atividade foi mais informativo que o grupo humor, de acordo com a análise da TRI. Conclusão Nossos dados reforçam a visão da hiperatividade e do retardo motor como as alterações cardinais de mania e depressão, respectivamente.

Mood versus energy/activity symptoms in bipolar disorder: which cluster of Hamilton Depression Rating Scale better distinguishes between mania, depression, and euthymia?

INTRODUCTION: Although bipolar disorder (BD) is traditionally included among mood disorders, some authors believe that changes in energy and motor activity, rather than mood changes, represent the true cardinal symptoms in mania and depression. The aim of the current study was to identify which cluster of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) better distinguishes between mania, depression and euthymia. METHOD: A group of 106 patients with BD were followed for 13 years and repeatedly assessed with the HAM-D as well as with other clinical scales. To perform a comparison, HAM-D items were classified according to clinical criteria into three clusters: energy/activity symptoms, mood symptoms, and other symptoms. Item response theory (IRT) analyses were performed to provide a test information curve for those three clusters. We measured the prevalence of one cluster of symptoms over the other two throughout the latent trait. RESULTS: Considering HAM-D items individually, the IRT analysis revealed that there was a mixture of mood and energy/activity symptoms among the most discriminative items, both in depression and in euthymia. However, in mania, only energy/activity symptoms - i.e., general somatic symptoms and retardation - were among the most informative items. Considering the classification of items, both in depression as in mania, the energy/activity cluster was more informative than the mood cluster according to the IRT analysis. CONCLUSION: Our data reinforce the view of hyperactivity and motor retardation as cardinal changes of mania and depression, respectively.

Changes in energy and motor activity: core symptoms of bipolar mania and depression?

Objective: To evaluate how well symptom rating scales differentiate bipolar disorder (BD) episode types. Methods: One hundred and six patients with BD were followed for 13 years. At each visit, the following clinical scales were administered: Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS), Hamilton Depression Scale (HAM-D) and Clinical Global Impressions scale for use in bipolar illness (CGI-BP). To perform a comparison between the affective states of BP, three time points in each patient's follow-up period were chosen for evaluation: the most severe manic episode, the most severe depressive episode, and the euthymic period with least symptoms. Canonical discriminant analyses (CDA) were performed to identify which symptoms best discriminated episodes. Results: CDA revealed HAM-D was worse than YMRS and CGI-BP to discriminate mood states. The items evaluating increased motor activity in YMRS (2, increased motor activity/energy) and HAM-D (9, agitation) were the best to distinguish mania, depression, and euthymia. In contrast, HAM-D item 8 (retardation) and the HAM-D and YMRS items related to mood symptoms were less important and precise. Conclusion: Higher levels of energy or activity should be considered a core symptom of mania. However, our results do not confirm the association between a decrease in energy or activity and depression. HAM-D probably does not assess motor activity adequately.

Changes in energy and motor activity: core symptoms of bipolar mania and depression?

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate how well symptom rating scales differentiate bipolar disorder (BD) episode types. METHODS: One hundred and six patients with BD were followed for 13 years. At each visit, the following clinical scales were administered: Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS), Hamilton Depression Scale (HAM-D) and Clinical Global Impressions scale for use in bipolar illness (CGI-BP). To perform a comparison between the affective states of BP, three time points in each patient's follow-up period were chosen for evaluation: the most severe manic episode, the most severe depressive episode, and the euthymic period with least symptoms. Canonical discriminant analyses (CDA) were performed to identify which symptoms best discriminated episodes. RESULTS: CDA revealed HAM-D was worse than YMRS and CGI-BP to discriminate mood states. The items evaluating increased motor activity in YMRS (2, increased motor activity/energy) and HAM-D (9, agitation) were the best to distinguish mania, depression, and euthymia. In contrast, HAM-D item 8 (retardation) and the HAM-D and YMRS items related to mood symptoms were less important and precise. CONCLUSION: Higher levels of energy or activity should be considered a core symptom of mania. However, our results do not confirm the association between a decrease in energy or activity and depression. HAM-D probably does not assess motor activity adequately.

The neural basis of kinesthetic and visual imagery in sports: an ALE meta - analysis.

Imagery is a widely spread technique in the sport sciences that entails the mental rehearsal of a given situation to improve an athlete's learning, performance and motivation. Two modalities of imagery are reported to tap into distinct brain structures, but sharing common components: kinesthetic and visual imagery. This study aimed to investigate the neural basis of those types of imagery with Activation Likelihood Estimation algorithm to perform a meta - analysis. A systematic search was used to retrieve only experimental studies with athletes or sportspersons. Altogether, nine studies were selected and an ALE meta - analysis was performed. Results indicated significant activation of the premotor, somatosensory cortex, supplementary motor areas, inferior and superior parietal lobule, caudate, cingulate and cerebellum in both imagery tasks. It was concluded that visual and kinesthetic imagery share similar neural networks which suggests that combined interventions are beneficial to athletes whereas separate use of those two modalities of imagery may seem less efficient from a neuropsychological approach.

Development and validation of the Bush-Francis Catatonia Rating Scale - Brazilian version.

OBJECTIVE:: This article aims to describe the adaptation and translation process of the Bush-Francis Catatonia Rating Scale (BFCRS) and its reduced version, the Bush-Francis Catatonia Screening Instrument (BFCSI) for Brazilian Portuguese, as well as its validation. METHODS:: Semantic equivalence processes included four steps: translation, back translation, evaluation of semantic equivalence and a pilot-study. Validation consisted of simultaneous applications of the instrument in Portuguese by two examiners in 30 catatonic and 30 non-catatonic patients. RESULTS:: Total scores averaged 20.07 for the complete scale and 7.80 for its reduced version among catatonic patients, compared with 0.47 and 0.20 among non-catatonic patients, respectively. Overall values of inter-rater reliability of the instruments were 0.97 for the BFCSI and 0.96 for the BFCRS. CONCLUSION:: The scale's version in Portuguese proved to be valid and was able to distinguish between catatonic and non-catatonic patients. It was also reliable, with inter-evaluator reliability indexes as high as those of the original instrument.